SUNRIDGE MEDICAL • SCOTTSDALE, ARIZONA
Alternative Bladder Cancer Treatment & Integrative Bladder Cancer Care in Scottsdale, Arizona
A More Individualized Approach to Bladder Cancer Treatment
A bladder-cancer diagnosis can create an immediate series of decisions.
Is the tumor low-grade or high-grade? Has it invaded the muscle? Is carcinoma in situ present? Is the bladder likely to be preserved? Is BCG appropriate? Should the patient receive systemic treatment before surgery? And if the disease has already spread, what treatments and molecular findings matter now?
For many patients, another question follows quickly:
Are there additional treatment options—and can integrative care help support the patient without losing sight of treatments that may control or cure the cancer?
At Sunridge Medical in Scottsdale, Arizona, we see patients at many points in the bladder-cancer journey: immediately after diagnosis, during intravesical treatment, before or after surgery, during chemotherapy or immunotherapy, after recurrence, and with locally advanced or metastatic disease.
Our approach is not based on giving every patient the same “bladder cancer protocol.” An individualized review can consider pathology, grade, depth of invasion, previous TURBT procedures, cystoscopy findings, imaging, treatment history, kidney function, molecular findings, current medications, nutritional status, treatment tolerance and the patient’s goals.
The objective is to understand what this particular cancer requires—and where evidence-informed integrative care may help support the patient through the plan.
TERMINOLOGY MATTERS
What Does “Alternative Bladder Cancer Treatment” Actually Mean?
The goal should not be to choose a philosophy. The goal should be to understand the disease, preserve legitimate treatment opportunities and build the most thoughtful plan for the individual patient.
UNDERSTANDING BLADDER CANCER
Bladder Cancer Is Common—and Often Recurs
The American Cancer Society estimates approximately 84,530 new bladder-cancer diagnoses and 17,870 deaths in the United States in 2026.2
Most bladder cancers are urothelial carcinomas, arising from the specialized cells that line the inside of the bladder and much of the urinary tract.
Less common bladder cancers include squamous-cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small-cell carcinoma and other rare histologies. These can behave differently and may require different treatment strategies.
The most important early distinction in typical urothelial bladder cancer is whether the disease is non-muscle-invasive or muscle-invasive.
Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC)
The tumor is confined to the lining or connective tissue beneath the lining and has not invaded the muscularis propria. This includes Ta tumors, carcinoma in situ (Tis/CIS) and T1 disease. Approximately 70% to 80% of newly diagnosed bladder cancers present as non-muscle-invasive disease.3
Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (MIBC)
The tumor has invaded the bladder’s muscular wall. This creates a substantially higher risk of spread and usually requires a more aggressive treatment strategy involving systemic therapy, surgery, chemoradiation or combinations of these approaches.3
Blood in the Urine Is the Classic Warning Sign
Bladder cancer often presents with gross or microscopic hematuria—blood in the urine that may be visible or detected only on testing.3
Other symptoms can include urinary urgency, frequency, nocturia or burning with urination, especially when carcinoma in situ is present.
More advanced disease can sometimes produce pelvic pain, flank pain, weight loss, fatigue or symptoms related to metastatic spread.
- Visible blood in the urine
- Microscopic blood found on urinalysis
- Urinary frequency
- Urgency to urinate
- Burning or discomfort with urination
- Nighttime urination
- Pelvic or lower abdominal discomfort
- Flank pain in selected cases
Blood in the urine does not automatically mean cancer, but unexplained hematuria deserves appropriate urologic evaluation.
The Quality of the Initial TURBT Can Affect Everything That Comes Next
A transurethral resection of bladder tumor—TURBT—is often both a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure.
During TURBT, visible tumor is removed through a cystoscope and submitted for pathology. The pathologist determines tumor type, grade and depth of invasion.
For treatment planning, one especially important question is whether adequate bladder muscle is present in the specimen and whether cancer has invaded it.
High-grade T1 disease may require a repeat TURBT because understaging can occur and because the second resection can reveal residual or muscle-invasive disease.
A bladder-cancer consultation should therefore review more than the word “cancer.” The actual TURBT operative note and pathology report matter.
Stage Is Important—but So Are Grade, CIS, Tumor Number and Recurrence Pattern
Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is often divided into risk groups because not every superficial tumor behaves the same way.
Factors that can increase the risk of recurrence or progression include high-grade pathology, carcinoma in situ, larger tumors, multiple tumors, T1 invasion and previous bladder-cancer recurrence.3
A small solitary low-grade Ta tumor may have a very different treatment plan from high-grade T1 disease accompanied by carcinoma in situ.
This is why describing both cases simply as “Stage I bladder cancer” does not capture the clinical difference.
For bladder cancer, the question is not only “What stage is it?” It is also “How likely is this tumor to recur, progress or invade the muscle?”
NON-MUSCLE-INVASIVE DISEASE
Treatment for Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Is Risk-Adapted
For many NMIBC patients, TURBT is followed by intravesical treatment—therapy placed directly into the bladder through a catheter.
Depending on risk, treatment can include intravesical chemotherapy or Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a live attenuated mycobacterium that stimulates a local antitumor immune response.
BCG remains an important therapy for many patients with high-risk NMIBC, especially high-grade disease and carcinoma in situ.3
Because bladder cancer has a strong tendency to recur, ongoing cystoscopic surveillance is an important part of care even after successful treatment.
What If High-Risk Bladder Cancer Stops Responding to BCG?
This is one of the most important decision points in bladder cancer.
BCG-unresponsive disease means that high-risk NMIBC has persisted or returned within defined time periods despite adequate BCG therapy. These patients have a meaningful risk of progression to muscle-invasive or metastatic disease.
For appropriate patients, radical cystectomy can provide strong cancer control and remains an important recommendation that should be discussed seriously.
However, bladder-preserving options have expanded for patients who are not candidates for cystectomy or who decline surgery.
Nadofaragene Firadenovec
This intravesical gene therapy is FDA-approved for high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC with carcinoma in situ, with or without papillary tumors. Five-year follow-up from its phase III study showed durable bladder preservation in a substantial proportion of patients.4
Nogapendekin Alfa Inbakicept + BCG
The FDA approved nogapendekin alfa inbakicept (Anktiva) with BCG in 2024 for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC with CIS with or without papillary tumors.5
Gemcitabine Intravesical System
In September 2025, the FDA approved the gemcitabine intravesical system (Inlexzo) for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC with CIS with or without papillary tumors. In the pivotal cohort, the complete-response rate was 82%, with 51% of responders maintaining response for at least 12 months.6
Pembrolizumab
Systemic pembrolizumab is an established option for selected patients with BCG-unresponsive high-risk NMIBC with CIS who are ineligible for or decline cystectomy. It is not a substitute for discussing the potential cancer-control benefit of cystectomy in a fit high-risk patient.3
MUSCLE-INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER
Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Requires a Different Strategy
Once cancer has invaded the bladder muscle, treatment generally becomes systemic as well as local.
For many fit patients, a longstanding curative strategy has been cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph-node dissection. The National Cancer Institute notes strong evidence supporting cisplatin-based multiagent chemotherapy before cystectomy.3
The treatment landscape has continued to evolve rapidly, with perioperative immunotherapy combinations now incorporated into care for selected patients.
Perioperative Durvalumab Has Changed Treatment for Some Cisplatin-Eligible Patients
The randomized phase III NIAGARA trial evaluated durvalumab added to neoadjuvant gemcitabine/cisplatin, followed by radical cystectomy and adjuvant durvalumab, compared with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery alone.
Perioperative durvalumab significantly improved event-free survival and overall survival. Estimated event-free survival at 24 months was approximately 67.8% versus 59.8%.7
The FDA approved this perioperative durvalumab strategy for adults with muscle-invasive bladder cancer in March 2025.8
This is a good example of why a bladder-cancer page written even a few years ago can become outdated quickly.
Patients Who Cannot Receive Cisplatin Also Have Newer Perioperative Options
Cisplatin is not appropriate for every patient, particularly when kidney function, hearing, neuropathy, performance status or other medical issues make it unsafe.
In November 2025, the FDA approved pembrolizumab plus enfortumab vedotin as neoadjuvant treatment followed by adjuvant treatment after cystectomy for adults with muscle-invasive bladder cancer who are ineligible for cisplatin.9
This makes accurate assessment of kidney function, overall fitness and treatment eligibility more important than ever.
BLADDER-PRESERVING TREATMENT
Does Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Always Require Removing the Bladder?
No—but bladder preservation is not appropriate for every patient.
For selected patients with nonmetastatic muscle-invasive disease, trimodality therapy can combine a maximal TURBT with radiation therapy and concurrent radiosensitizing chemotherapy.
A randomized trial demonstrated that adding concurrent chemotherapy to radiotherapy significantly improved locoregional control compared with radiotherapy alone.10
Modern comparative analyses suggest that carefully selected patients treated at experienced centers can achieve oncologic outcomes that may be comparable to radical cystectomy, although the evidence is not based on a completed randomized head-to-head trial.11
Bladder preservation requires disciplined surveillance afterward, and some patients ultimately require salvage cystectomy.
If bladder removal has been recommended, asking whether you are a reasonable candidate for multidisciplinary bladder-preserving therapy can be a legitimate second-opinion question.
If Cystectomy Is Needed, Urinary Diversion Is Part of the Treatment Decision
Radical cystectomy is major surgery, and patients often focus so heavily on losing the bladder that they receive less education about how urinary function will work afterward.
Depending on anatomy, health, surgeon experience and patient preference, urinary diversion can include an ileal conduit, a continent cutaneous reservoir, or an orthotopic neobladder in selected patients.
These choices affect recovery, self-care, body image, continence and quality of life.
A second opinion before cystectomy can therefore include not only whether surgery is appropriate, but also what type of reconstruction or urinary diversion makes sense for the individual patient.
Treatment After Surgery Can Matter in High-Risk Disease
Patients with high-risk muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma may remain at substantial risk of recurrence after radical surgery.
The phase III CheckMate 274 trial demonstrated longer disease-free survival with adjuvant nivolumab than placebo after radical surgery in high-risk muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma.12
Longer follow-up has continued to support durable disease-free benefit, which is why postoperative pathology can materially change the treatment discussion.13
ADVANCED AND METASTATIC DISEASE
Stage 4 Bladder Cancer Has More Treatment Options Than It Did a Few Years Ago
Metastatic urothelial cancer remains a serious disease, but the first-line treatment landscape changed dramatically after the EV-302/KEYNOTE-A39 trial.
In previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer, enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab produced substantially better progression-free survival and overall survival than platinum-based chemotherapy.
At the original published analysis, median overall survival was approximately 31.5 months with enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab versus 16.1 months with chemotherapy.14
The FDA granted traditional approval to this combination for locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer in December 2023.15
A patient told several years ago that “only chemotherapy is available” may now be looking at a very different treatment landscape.
Molecular Testing Can Identify Additional Options in Advanced Bladder Cancer
Not every bladder cancer has a targetable molecular alteration, but testing can matter in advanced disease.
One clinically important example is FGFR3.
The FDA approved erdafitinib for adults with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma containing susceptible FGFR3 alterations after progression on or after prior systemic treatment.16
In a randomized phase III trial, erdafitinib produced significantly longer overall survival than chemotherapy in patients with FGFR-altered advanced urothelial cancer after prior treatment.17
This is why patients with advanced disease should know whether appropriate tumor profiling has been performed.
What Should Be Reassessed When Bladder Cancer Progresses?
- Confirm the current extent of disease. Is progression still confined to the bladder or has it spread?
- Review the pathology. Is the histology typical urothelial carcinoma or a variant subtype?
- Review previous treatment. What worked, what failed and what could not be tolerated?
- Review kidney function. This can affect chemotherapy eligibility.
- Review molecular testing. Is FGFR3 or another actionable alteration present?
- Ask whether the treatment landscape has changed. New approvals have occurred rapidly.
- Ask about clinical trials.
- Reassess symptoms, nutrition, function and treatment toxicity.
INTEGRATIVE ONCOLOGY
Where Integrative Bladder Cancer Care Can Fit
Integrative bladder-cancer care should not mean adding as many therapies as possible.
Every intervention should have a defined purpose.
Potential goals can include:
- Supporting nutrition and maintaining lean body mass
- Helping patients remain physically active
- Supporting hydration
- Addressing fatigue
- Supporting sleep
- Helping manage stress and anxiety
- Addressing nausea or appetite changes during systemic therapy
- Supporting recovery before and after cystectomy
- Reviewing supplements for drug interactions
- Helping patients manage neuropathy, skin symptoms or other treatment-related issues
- Supporting quality of life during long-term surveillance
- Coordinating integrative care with the urology and oncology treatment plan when appropriate
The bladder-cancer-specific evidence for many complementary therapies remains limited. That is why this page does not present a list of natural substances as though they have been proven to control human bladder cancer.
Supportive care can be valuable without pretending that supportive treatment is the same thing as tumor-directed treatment.
Physical Preparation and Recovery Matter—Especially Around Cystectomy
Radical cystectomy can be physically demanding, particularly for older adults or patients who have already undergone systemic therapy.
Research into exercise, nutrition and rehabilitation around bladder-cancer surgery is growing. Recent reviews suggest that prehabilitation and rehabilitation strategies can improve aspects of physical function and quality of life, although evidence remains heterogeneous and programs need to be individualized.18
For patients who are frail, losing weight or becoming progressively deconditioned, waiting until after surgery to address physical resilience may miss an opportunity.
Hear From Our Patients
Natural Does Not Mean Interaction-Free
Supplements and botanical products are biologically active and can potentially affect drug metabolism, bleeding, kidney function, liver function or immune signaling.
This can be particularly important for bladder-cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, immunotherapy, an antibody-drug conjugate or preparing for surgery.
A responsible integrative plan should include a complete medication and supplement review.
We do not recommend assuming that a supplement is safe simply because it is natural—or effective simply because a laboratory study showed activity in bladder-cancer cells.
Smoking Is One of the Most Important Modifiable Bladder-Cancer Risk Factors
Cigarette smoking is one of the strongest established risk factors for bladder cancer. The National Cancer Institute estimates that smoking accounts for up to approximately half of bladder cancers and raises risk substantially above baseline.3
For patients who still smoke after diagnosis, smoking cessation is worth discussing for cardiovascular, pulmonary, surgical and overall health reasons—and observational bladder-cancer studies have also linked heavier smoking exposure with a higher risk of recurrence in NMIBC.19
Smoking cessation should be treated as part of comprehensive medical care, not as a moral judgment.
THE SUNRIDGE MEDICAL APPROACH
What Makes a Bladder Cancer Consultation at Sunridge Different?
The first question is not, “Which alternative treatment do we give bladder cancer?”
The better question is: What does this patient’s disease require, what opportunities should not be missed, and what can we do to support the patient through the plan?
The Pathology
Is the tumor low-grade or high-grade? Ta, CIS, T1 or muscle-invasive? Is there variant histology?
The Treatment History
How complete was the TURBT? Has BCG been used? Is disease now BCG-unresponsive? Has systemic therapy already been given?
The Patient
What is happening with kidney function, weight, nutrition, sleep, fatigue, neuropathy, urinary symptoms and overall physical function?
The Goal
Is the immediate decision surveillance, another TURBT, intravesical treatment, bladder preservation, cystectomy, perioperative systemic therapy, metastatic treatment or a clinical trial?
Individualization means understanding when an additional treatment may help—and when it may distract from something more important.
Why a Second Opinion Can Be Particularly Valuable in Bladder Cancer
A second opinion does not necessarily mean the original urologist or oncologist is wrong.
Sometimes it confirms that the proposed treatment is appropriate.
In other cases, another review may identify questions worth exploring:
- Was the TURBT complete and was muscle present in the specimen?
- Does high-grade T1 disease need repeat resection?
- Is this truly low-risk, intermediate-risk or high-risk NMIBC?
- Has the disease become BCG-unresponsive?
- Is cystectomy being recommended at the right time?
- Are newer bladder-preserving options relevant?
- For MIBC, is neoadjuvant systemic therapy appropriate?
- Could trimodality bladder-preserving treatment be considered?
- If cisplatin is not appropriate, are newer perioperative strategies relevant?
- After cystectomy, is adjuvant therapy indicated?
- For metastatic disease, has current first-line treatment been discussed?
- Has molecular testing been performed?
The purpose of another opinion is not to create disagreement. It is to reduce the chance that an important option has been overlooked.
You Do Not Have to Wait Until Every Conventional Option Has Failed
Patients can seek integrative care or a second perspective at many points in their bladder-cancer journey:
- Immediately after diagnosis
- After the first TURBT
- Before starting BCG
- During intravesical treatment
- After high-grade recurrence
- When disease becomes BCG-unresponsive
- Before radical cystectomy
- While considering bladder-preserving chemoradiation
- During neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment
- After recurrence
- With locally advanced or metastatic disease
Earlier involvement can allow supportive issues—nutrition, function, treatment tolerance, medication interactions and recovery planning—to be addressed before they become larger problems.
What to Bring to a Bladder Cancer Consultation
The more complete the medical record, the more useful the consultation can be.
- Pathology reports
- TURBT operative reports
- Cystoscopy reports
- Urine cytology results
- CT urogram or MRI reports
- PET/CT reports if performed
- Actual imaging files when available
- BCG treatment dates and doses
- Intravesical chemotherapy history
- Chemotherapy or immunotherapy records
- Radiation records
- Surgical consultation notes
- Kidney-function trends
- CBC and chemistry results
- Molecular or genomic testing
- Current medication list
- Current supplement list
- A timeline of diagnosis, recurrence and treatment
Questions Every Bladder Cancer Patient Should Be Asking
- What exact type and grade of bladder cancer do I have?
- Has it invaded the muscle?
- Was muscle present in my TURBT specimen?
- Do I need a repeat TURBT?
- What is my risk of recurrence and progression?
- Is BCG appropriate for me?
- If BCG has stopped working, what bladder-preserving options exist?
- When would cystectomy provide the best chance of cancer control?
- If I have muscle-invasive disease, should I receive treatment before surgery?
- Could trimodality bladder preservation be appropriate?
- What type of urinary diversion would I have if the bladder is removed?
- Do I need treatment after surgery?
- If the cancer is metastatic, what is the current first-line standard?
- Has my tumor been tested for FGFR3 or other relevant molecular findings?
- Are there clinical trials I should consider?
Why Patients Travel to Sunridge Medical in Scottsdale, Arizona
Patients come to Sunridge Medical because they want more time to understand the complete picture.
Some want integrative support while continuing treatment with their urologist or oncologist. Some are trying to preserve their bladder. Some are preparing for cystectomy and want to improve treatment tolerance and recovery. Others are facing recurrence or metastatic disease and want another review of what may still be available.
We believe patients should be able to discuss conventional, integrative and emerging options without being pushed into an artificial choice between “standard” and “alternative” medicine.
The conversation begins with the individual patient and the actual biology of the disease.
When Bladder Cancer Feels Overwhelming, Focus on the Next Decision
Bladder cancer often requires repeated decisions over time.
The next decision may be whether a repeat TURBT is needed. It may be whether to start BCG. It may be whether high-risk recurrence has reached the point where cystectomy deserves serious consideration. For someone with MIBC, it may be whether systemic therapy should come before surgery or whether bladder preservation is realistic.
For metastatic disease, the next decision may involve a newer systemic regimen or molecular testing.
You do not need to solve every future decision today.
Hope means making sure the diagnosis is understood, the current evidence is considered and legitimate options are not missed.
Speak With the Sunridge Medical Patient Care Team
If you or someone you love has been diagnosed with bladder cancer, Sunridge Medical can review the case and help you understand the questions that deserve attention now.
We work with patients who are newly diagnosed, receiving intravesical treatment, considering bladder preservation or cystectomy, recovering from treatment, facing recurrence, or living with locally advanced or metastatic disease.
Sunridge Medical • Scottsdale, Arizona
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Frequently Asked Questions About Alternative Bladder Cancer Treatment
Can bladder cancer be treated without removing the bladder?
Often, yes. Most non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers are initially treated with TURBT and risk-adapted intravesical therapy. Selected patients with muscle-invasive disease may also be candidates for bladder-preserving trimodality therapy. Whether bladder preservation is appropriate depends on the exact disease and patient.
What is the best alternative bladder cancer treatment?
There is no single alternative bladder cancer treatment proven to work for every patient. The appropriate plan depends on grade, stage, muscle invasion, previous BCG, treatment history, kidney function, molecular findings and overall health.
Can Stage 4 bladder cancer be treated?
Yes. Metastatic bladder cancer is treatable, although it is generally not considered curable with current systemic therapy. Enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab has become an important first-line option for locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer, and targeted therapy or clinical trials may be relevant for selected patients.
What is BCG treatment for bladder cancer?
BCG is an intravesical immunotherapy placed directly into the bladder through a catheter. It is commonly used for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, especially carcinoma in situ and other high-grade disease.
What does BCG-unresponsive bladder cancer mean?
It refers to high-risk NMIBC that persists or recurs within defined time periods despite adequate BCG. These patients have increased progression risk and should discuss cystectomy as well as appropriate bladder-preserving options.
Are there bladder-preserving treatments after BCG stops working?
Yes, for selected patients who cannot undergo or decline cystectomy. FDA-approved options include nadofaragene firadenovec, nogapendekin alfa inbakicept with BCG, pembrolizumab in selected CIS patients, and the gemcitabine intravesical system. These options do not eliminate the need to discuss the risks of delaying cystectomy in appropriate high-risk patients.
Does muscle-invasive bladder cancer always require cystectomy?
No. Radical cystectomy is a major standard treatment, but selected patients can receive bladder-preserving trimodality therapy using maximal TURBT, radiation and concurrent chemotherapy. Patient selection and treatment at an experienced multidisciplinary center are important.
What is a neobladder?
A neobladder is a urinary diversion constructed from intestine and connected to the urethra after bladder removal in selected patients. Other options include an ileal conduit and continent cutaneous diversion.
Why does kidney function matter in bladder cancer treatment?
Kidney function can affect eligibility for cisplatin and can influence other treatment decisions. Because bladder cancer often occurs in older adults, renal function deserves careful review before systemic therapy.
Should metastatic bladder cancer have molecular testing?
Molecular testing can be useful in advanced urothelial cancer. FGFR3 alterations are one example because selected patients with susceptible FGFR3 changes may be eligible for targeted therapy with erdafitinib after prior systemic treatment.
Can integrative care be used during BCG, chemotherapy or immunotherapy?
Yes, but supportive care should be individualized around the exact cancer treatment. Nutrition, physical function, sleep, hydration, symptom management and treatment interactions can all be addressed without claiming that supportive therapies replace tumor-directed treatment.
When should I seek a second opinion?
A second opinion can be useful after high-grade diagnosis, before cystectomy, after BCG failure, when bladder preservation is being considered, before major systemic therapy, after recurrence or when metastatic treatment choices are unclear.
SOURCES
References
- National Cancer Institute. Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). Definitions of complementary, alternative and integrative medicine.
- American Cancer Society. Key Statistics for Bladder Cancer. 2026 U.S. incidence and mortality estimates.
- National Cancer Institute. Bladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – Health Professional Version. Evidence-based treatment overview.
- Narayan VM, et al. Efficacy of Intravesical Nadofaragene Firadenovec for BCG-Unresponsive Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: 5-Year Follow-Up From a Phase 3 Trial. Journal of Urology. 2024. PMID: 38704840.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves Nogapendekin Alfa Inbakicept-pmln With BCG for BCG-Unresponsive NMIBC. April 22, 2024.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves Gemcitabine Intravesical System for BCG-Unresponsive Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. September 9, 2025.
- Powles T, Catto JWF, Galsky MD, et al. Perioperative Durvalumab with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Operable Bladder Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 2024;391:1773-1786. PMID: 39282910.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves Durvalumab for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. March 28, 2025.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves Pembrolizumab With Enfortumab Vedotin-ejfv for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. November 21, 2025.
- James ND, Hussain SA, Hall E, et al. Radiotherapy with or without Chemotherapy in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;366:1477-1488. PMID: 22512481.
- Zlotta AR, Ballas LK, Niemierko A, et al. Radical Cystectomy Versus Trimodality Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Multi-Institutional Propensity Score Matched and Weighted Analysis. Lancet Oncology. 2023. PMID: 37187202.
- Bajorin DF, Witjes JA, Gschwend JE, et al. Adjuvant Nivolumab versus Placebo in Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;384:2102-2114. PMID: 34077643.
- Galsky MD, Witjes JA, Gschwend JE, et al. Adjuvant Nivolumab in High-Risk Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma: Expanded Efficacy From CheckMate 274. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2025;43:15-21. PMID: 39393026.
- Powles T, Valderrama BP, Gupta S, et al. Enfortumab Vedotin and Pembrolizumab in Untreated Advanced Urothelial Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 2024;390:875-888. PMID: 38446675.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves Enfortumab Vedotin-ejfv With Pembrolizumab for Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer. December 15, 2023.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves Erdafitinib for FGFR3-Altered Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma. January 19, 2024.
- Loriot Y, Matsubara N, Park SH, et al. Erdafitinib or Chemotherapy in Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 2023. PMID: 37870920.
- Güney B, et al. The Role of Preoperative and Postoperative Exercise in Patients Undergoing Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer. 2025. PMID: 40562836.
- Kwan ML, et al. Smoking Behaviors and Prognosis in Patients With Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. 2022. PMID: 36449286.
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